WHYHOWWHAT..?

Dark matter's existence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter and gravitational lensing of background radiation, and was originally hypothesized to account for discrepancies between calculations of the mass of galaxies , clusters of galaxies and the entire universe made through dynamical and general relativistic means, and calculations based on the mass of the visible "luminous" matter these objects contain: stars and the gas and dust of the interstellar and intergalactic medium. [ 1 ] The most widely accepted explanation for these phenomena is that dark matter exists and that it is most likely [ 3 ] composed of heavy particles that interact only through gravity and possibly the weak force ; however, alternate explanations have been proposed, and there is not yet sufficient experimental evidence to determine which is correct. Many experiments to detect proposed dark matter particles through non-gravitational means are underway. [ 5 ] Ac...

In 1944,(schrodinger) he wrote What is Life? , which contains a discussion of negentropy and the concept of a complex molecule with the genetic code for living organisms . According to James D. Watson 's memoir, DNA , the Secret of Life , Schrödinger's book gave Watson the inspiration to research the gene , which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix structure. Similarly, Francis Crick , in his autobiographical book What Mad Pursuit , described how he was influenced by Schrödinger's speculations about how genetic information might be stored in molecules. However, the geneticist and 1946 Nobel-prize winner H.J. Muller had in his 1922 article "Variation due to Change in the Individual Gene" [ 6 ] already laid out all the basic properties of the heredity molecule that Schrödinger derives from first principles in What is Life? , properties which Muller refined in his 1929 article "The Gene As The Basis of Life" [ 7 ] and further clarified d...

Intra-tumour heterogeneity: a looking glass for cancer? Andriy Marusyk 1 , Vanessa Almendro 1 , 2 & Kornelia Polyak 1    Abstract Populations of tumour cells display remarkable variability in almost every discernable phenotypic trait, including clinically important phenotypes such as ability to seed metastases and to survive therapy. This phenotypic diversity results from the integration of both genetic and non-genetic influences. Recent technological advances have improved the molecular understanding of cancers and the identification of targets for therapeutic interventions. However, it has become exceedingly apparent that the utility of profiles based on the analysis of tumours en masse is limited by intra-tumour genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity, as characteristics of the most abundant cell type might not necessarily predict the properties of mixed populations. In this Review, we discuss both genetic and non-genetic causes of phe...

Interactome Networks and Human Disease Marc Vidal, Michael E. Cusick, Albert-László Barabási Cell - 18 March 2011 (Vol. 144, Issue 6, pp. 986-998)

Per his definition of emergence , Corning also address emergence and evolution: "[In] evolutionary processes, causation is iterative; effects are also causes. And this is equally true of the synergistic effects produced by emergent systems. In other words, emergence itself... has been the underlying cause of the evolution of emergent phenomena in biological evolution; it is the synergies produced by organized systems that are the key. ( Corning 2002 )

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence One reason why emergent behaviour is hard to predict is that the number of interactions between components of a system increases combinatorially with the number of components, thus potentially allowing for many new and subtle types of behaviour to emerge. For example, the possible interactions between groups of molecules grows enormously with the number of molecules such that it is impossible for a computer to even list the arrangements for a system as small as 20 molecules. [ citation needed ]